11^th International Conference on Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology September 07-08, 2017 Edinburgh, Scotland

Irritated skin can be caused by a many factors. These include immune system disorders, medications and infections. When an allergen is responsible for initiating an immune system response, then it is an allergic skin condition. When skin is contacted by a substance, body’s immune system is triggered thinking the substance as a foreign agent, because of this skin becomes sensitive & develops allergy. Contact with substance such as detergents, soaps or cleaning supplies causes skin allergy.

Drug allergies are a set of symptoms caused by an allergic reaction to a drug. A drug allergy encompasses an immune response in the body that develops an allergic reaction to a medicine. If you develop a rash, hives or difficulty breathing after taking certain medications, you may have a drug allergy. As with other allergic reactions, these symptoms of drug allergy can occur when your body’s immune system becomes sensitive to a substance in the medication, identifies it as a foreign invader and releases chemicals to defend against it.

Allergy affecting Ear, Nose, and Throat comprises ENT allergy. Seasonal as well as long lasting allergies can contribute to enduring sinusitis, bronchitis, as well as ear problems. Allergies are diagnosed through the patient's history, physical examination as well as allergy testing. Once the distinct allergens are identified prevention techniques as well as immunotherapy can be used in addition to antihistamines in order to obtain optimal results.   

Food allergy is caused when the body falsely makes an antibody (IgE) to fight against a specific food. When the food is next (or sometimes is just in contact with the skin) it provokes an immune system response which results in the commute of histamine and other substances in the body. These cause various symptoms, depending on where in the body they are exposed. For example, in the gut they may result in abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea; in the skin, itching and swelling (rash or nettle rash), in the upper airways, a runny nose or sneezing; in the lower airways, a wheeze or cough.

Clinical Immunology is a branch of Immunology which deals with clinical disorders at the molecular and cellular levels. Allergy involves an exaggerated response of the immune system, often to common substances such as foods or pollen. The immune system is a complex system that normally defends the body against foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, while also surveying for conditions such as cancer and autoimmunity. Allergens are substances that are foreign to the body and that cause an allergic reaction.

Immunotherapy is treatment that uses few parts of a person’s immune system to dispute with diseases such as cancer. This can be done in a couple of ways:

• Prompting your own immune system to work harder or smarter to attack cancer cells

• Providing immune system components, such as man-made immune system proteins

In the last few decades immunotherapy has become a significant part of treating some types of cancer. Newer types of immune treatments are now being studied, and they will describe how we treat cancer in the future. Immunotherapy includes treatments that work in different ways. Some hike the body’s immune system in a very general way. Others help train the immune system to attack cancer cells specifically.        

Bronchial asthma is a immune-mediated disorder characterised by reversible airway inflammation, mucous secretion, and variable flow of air obstructing with airway hyper responsiveness. Allergen exposure leads to the activation of various cells of the system, of those dendritic cells and Th2 lymphocytes are of paramount importance. Although the epithelium was initially considered to function singly as a physical barrier, it is currently noticeable that it plays a central role in the Th2-cell sensitization process due to its potentiality to activate dendritic cells. Mast cells and eosinophil were initially believed to play a key role in driving the airway inflammation associated with asthma, new data imply that T helper cells are critical.

Allergies are among the most common conditions affecting children. Child’s immune system fights against infections. If child has allergies, their immune system wrongly reacts to things that are usually harmless. Pet dander, pollen, dust, mold spores, insect stings, food, and medications are examples of such things. This reaction may cause their body to reciprocate with health problems such as asthma, hay fever, hives, eczema (a rash), or a very severe and unusual reaction called anaphylaxis.

The eye, like the respiratory tract, can be a site of acute allergic reactions. Ocular allergy also called Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when something allergic to irritate the conjunctiva. This is the sensitive membrane covering the eye and the inside of the eyelid.

As all allergies, allergic conjunctivitis starts when the immune system recognises an otherwise innocuous substance as an allergen. This causes your immune system to overreact and produce antibodies called Immunoglobulin (IgE). These antibodies drive to cells that release chemicals which cause an allergic reaction. In this case, allergic reactions include eyes that water, itch, hurt or become red or swollen.

Gastrointestinal tract is a lymphoid organ, and the lymphoid tissue within it is referred to as the gut-associated lymphoid tissue or GALT. Gastrointestinal allergy is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction of the digestive system after the ingestion of certain foods or drugs. GI allergy varies from food allergy, which can affect other organ systems. Distinctive symptoms constitute itching and swelling of the mouth and oral passages, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, and in severe cases, anaphylactic shock. Gastrointestinal food allergy also urges a challenge to the clinician because of its mutable symptomatology and lack of accurate diagnostic tests.

Infection occurs when organism is attacked by disease causing agent, they multiply in the host body & produce toxins. Infection may remain localised or it can be spread through blood or lymphatic vessels to overall body. Infections are caused by infectious agents like virus, viroids, bacteria, prions etc. Host body fights infections by provoking immune system. Infections can be treated by medications like antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals etc.

Allergic diseases are the outcome of allergic inflammation that occurs as a result of an interaction between the environment and the patient's immune system resulting in the release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory mediators. Knowing exactly what body is allergic to can help lessen or prevent exposure and treat the reactions. Laboratory investigations are a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases and can provide aids to diagnose and assess disease activity.

Allergies can be prevented by identifying & avoiding the ones which cause allergy to the body. One of the biggest causes of allergy is house dust mites, pets, mould spores, food allergies, insect bites stings, when trying to identify what causes or deteriorate your allergic symptoms, track your activities and what you eat, when symptoms occur and what seems to help. Host factors responsible for risk of allergy are heredity, sex, race and age. Exposure to allergens has been identified as an influential environmental factor, whereas passive smoking and pollution may act as an adjuvant.

Allergic diseases prevail millions worldwide, with growing evidence of an increase in allergy occurrence over the past few decades. Current treatments for allergy include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and allergen immunotherapy; however, some subjects experience treatment-resistant inflammation or adverse reactions to these treatments, and there are currently no approved therapeutics for the treatment of food allergy.

Veterinary allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in an animal's skin cells, saliva or urine. The proteins present in a pet's dander, skin flakes, saliva and urine can induce allergic reaction or develop asthma symptoms in some people. Also, pet hair or fur can collect pollen, mold spores and other outdoor allergens.  Pet Allergy Symptoms: Sneezing, Runny or stuffy nose, Facial pain, Coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and wheezing Watery, red or itchy eyes, Skin rash or hives.

Primary immunodeficiency disorder also called primary immune disorders or primary immunodeficiency; diminish the immune system, allowing infections and other health problems to occur more easily. Some immunodeficiency disorders are not primary. A secondary immune deficiency disease occurs when the immune system is compromised due to an environmental factor. Examples of these environmental factor include HIV, chemotherapy, severe burns or malnutrition. Primary immunodeficiency diseases are caused by flaw in the genes that control the immune system, and are therefore inherited.

A biological marker is a physical sign or laboratory measurement that can function as a sign of biological or pathophysiological processes or as a riposte to a therapeutic intervention. Determining IgE of IgG in serum has been proved to be too unresponsive and too non-specific to identify individuals with sensitization, with and without clinical symptoms. In order to develop new diagnostic tools, it is relevant to search for markers that are strongly conjoin with allergy or tolerance. So the biomarkers can be used as diagnostic tools.

Asthma is a complex condition, and our researchers are still framing together the information to answer important questions that will help to identify the lurking causes and find new ways to diagnose, treat and prevent asthma. Under certain conditions, some of this research cannot be done without involving animals. Reduce the number of animals involved in research and replace animals in research wherever possible.