12^th International Conference on Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology October 1-2, 2018 Moscow, Russia

A biological marker is a physical sign or laboratory measurement that can function as a sign of biological or pathophysiological processes or as a riposte to a therapeutic intervention. Determining IgE of IgG in serum has been proved to be too unresponsive and too non-specific to identify individuals with sensitization, with and without clinical symptoms. In order to develop new diagnostic tools, it is relevant to search for markers that are strongly conjoin with allergy or tolerance. So the biomarkers can be used as diagnostic tools.

Immunotherapy is treatment that uses few parts of a person’s immune system to dispute with diseases such as cancer. This can be done in a couple of ways:

•    Prompting your own immune system to work harder or smarter to attack cancer cells

•    providing immune system components, such as man-made immune system proteins

In the last few decades immunotherapy has become a significant part of treating some types of cancer. Newer types of immune treatments are now being studied, and they will describe how we treat cancer in the future. Immunotherapy includes treatments that work in different ways. Some hike the body’s immune system in a very general way. Others help train the immune system to attack cancer cells specifically.    

Primary immunodeficiency disorder also called primary immune disorders or primary immunodeficiency; diminish the immune system, allowing infections and other health problems to occur more easily. Some immunodeficiency disorders are not primary. A secondary immune deficiency disease occurs when the immune system is compromised due to an environmental factor. Examples of this environmental factor include HIV, chemotherapy, severe burns or malnutrition. Primary immunodeficiency diseases are caused by flaw in the genes that control the immune system, and are therefore inherited.

Veterinary allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in an animal's skin cells, saliva or urine. The proteins present in a pet's dander, skin flakes, saliva and urine can induce allergic reaction or develop asthma symptoms in some people. Also, pet hair or fur can collect pollen, mold spores and other outdoor allergens.  Pet Allergy Symptoms: Sneezing, Runny or stuffy nose, Facial pain, Coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and wheezing Watery, red or itchy eyes, Skin rash or hives

Allergic diseases are the outcome of allergic inflammation that occurs as a result of an interaction between the environment and the patient's immune system resulting in the release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory mediators. Knowing exactly what body is allergic to can help lessen or prevent exposure and treat the reactions. Laboratory investigations are a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases and can provide aids to diagnose and assess disease activity.

Allergies can be prevented by identifying & avoiding the ones which cause allergy to the body. One of the biggest causes of allergy is house dust mites, pets, mould spores, food allergies, insect bites stings, when trying to identify what causes or deteriorate your allergic symptoms, track your activities and what you eat, when symptoms occur and what seems to help. Host factors responsible for risk of allergy are heredity, sex, race and age. Exposure to allergens has been identified as an influential environmental factor, whereas passive smoking and pollution may act as an adjuvant.

Infection occurs when organism is attacked by disease causing agent, they multiply in the host body & produce toxins. Infection may remain localised or it can be spread through blood or lymphatic vessels to overall body. Infections are caused by infectious agents like virus, viroids, bacteria, prions etc. Host body fights infections by provoking immune system. Infections can be treated by medications like antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals etc.

Gastrointestinal tract is a lymphoid organ, and the lymphoid tissue within it is referred to as the gut-associated lymphoid tissue or GALT. Gastrointestinal allergy is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction of the digestive system after the ingestion of certain foods or drugs. GI allergy varies from food allergy, which can affect other organ systems. Distinctive symptoms constitute itching and swelling of the mouth and oral passages, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, severe abdominal pain, and in severe cases, anaphylactic shock. Gastrointestinal food allergy also urges a challenge to the clinician because of its mutable symptomatology and lack of accurate diagnostic tests.

Intercommunication between the immune system and the GI tract are being perceived as of growing importance, not only in GI function and health, but also in their prominence on overall health.

Asthma is a chronic condition that affects lungs & causes inflammation and constricting of the bronchial tubes, the pathways that allow air to enter and leave the lungs. If people with asthma are unveiled to a substance to which they are sensitive or a situation that changes their regular breathing patterns, the symptoms can become more severe. There are two types of asthma: allergic (caused by exposure to an allergen) and non-allergic (caused by stress, exercise, illnesses like a cold or the flu, or exposure to extreme weather, irritants in the air or some medications).

Allergies are among the most common conditions affecting children. Child’s immune system fights against infections. If child has allergies, their immune system wrongly reacts to things that are usually harmless. Pet dander, pollen, dust, mold spores, insect stings, food, and medications are examples of such things. This reaction may cause their body to reciprocate with health problems such as asthma, hay fever, hives, eczema (a rash), or a very severe and unusual reaction called anaphylaxis.

Bronchial asthma is an immune-mediated disorder characterised by reversible airway inflammation, mucous secretion, and variable flow of air obstructing with airway hyper responsiveness. Allergen exposure leads to the activation of various cells of the system, of those dendritic cells and Th2 lymphocytes are of paramount importance. Although the epithelium was initially considered to function singly as a physical barrier, it is currently noticeable that it plays a central role in the Th2-cell sensitization process due to its potentiality to activate dendritic cells. Mast cells and eosinophil were initially believed to play a key role in driving the airway inflammation associated with asthma, new data imply that T helper cells are critical. It has been shown that allergic asthma is associated with increased TH2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) cytokine production that causes activation of eosinophils and T-cells and production of chemokine by pulmonary fibroblasts.

Clinical Immunology is a branch of Immunology which deals with clinical disorders at the molecular and cellular levels. Allergy involves an exaggerated response of the immune system, often to common substances such as foods or pollen. The immune system is a complex system that normally defends the body against foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, while also surveying for conditions such as cancer and autoimmunity. Allergens are substances that are foreign to the body and that cause an allergic reaction.

Food allergy is caused when the body falsely makes an antibody (IgE) to fight against a specific food. When the food is next (or sometimes is just in contact with the skin) it provokes an immune system response which results in the commute of histamine and other substances in the body. These cause various symptoms, depending on where in the body they are exposed. For example, in the gut they may result in abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea; in the skin, itching and swelling (rash or nettle rash), in the upper airways, a runny nose or sneezing; in the lower airways, a wheeze or cough.

Allergy affecting Ear, Nose, and Throat comprises ENT allergy. Seasonal as well as long lasting allergies can contribute to enduring sinusitis, bronchitis, as well as ear problems. Allergies are diagnosed through the patient's history, physical examination as well as allergy testing. Once the distinct allergens are identified prevention techniques as well as immunotherapy can be used in addition to antihistamines in order to obtain optimal results.   

Drug allergies are a set of symptoms caused by an allergic reaction to a drug. A drug allergy encompasses an immune response in the body that develops an allergic reaction to a medicine. If you develop a rash, hives or difficulty breathing after taking certain medications, you may have a drug allergy. As with other allergic reactions, these symptoms of drug allergy can occur when your body’s immune system becomes sensitive to a substance in the medication, identifies it as a foreign invader and releases chemicals to defend against it.

Irritated skin can be caused by a many factors. These include immune system disorders, medications and infections. When an allergen is responsible for initiating an immune system response, then it is an allergic skin condition. When skin is contacted by a substance, body’s immune system is triggered thinking the substance as a foreign agent, because of this skin becomes sensitive & develops allergy. Contact with substance such as detergents, soaps or cleaning supplies causes skin allergy.